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Bart Ehrman, Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (and Why We Don't Know about Them) (New York: HarperOne, 2009).
Burton Mack, The Christian Myth: Origins, Logic, and Legacy (New York: Continuum, 2001).
Gerd Theissen and Annette Merz, The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide, trans. John Bowden (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996).
Stanley Porter, The Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research: Previous Discussion and New Proposals (Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000), quoting pp. 115-17.
James Charlesworth and Petr Pokorny, eds., Jesus Research: An International Perspective (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2009), pp. 16-35.
Dale Allison, "The Historians' Jesus and the Church," in Seeking the Identity of Jesus: A Pilgrimage, eds. Beverly Roberts Gaventa and Richard B. Hays (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008), pp. 79-95 (quoting p. 79).
Dale Allison, Jesus of Nazareth: Millenarian Prophet (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998), pp. 1-77.
Hector Avalos, The End of Biblical Studies (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007), pp. 203-209.
Michael Bird, "The Criterion of Greek Language and Context: A Response to Stanley E. Porter," Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 4, no. 1 (2006): pp. 55-67.
Stanley Porter, "The Criterion of Greek Language and Its Context: A Further Response," Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 4, no. 1 (2006): 69-74.
Dale Allison, The Historical Christ and the Theological Jesus (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2009).
Gerd Theissen and Dagmar Winter, The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria, trans. M. Eugene Boring (Louisville, KY: John Knox Press, 2002).
Chris Keith and Anthony Le Donne, eds., Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity (T & T Clark, 2002).
M. D. Hooker, "Christology and Methodology," New Testament Studies 17 (1970): pp. 480-87.
John Gager, "The Gospels and Jesus: Some Doubts about Method," Journal of Religion 54, no. 3 (July 1974): 244-72.
Eugene Boring, "The Beatitudes in Q and Thomas as a Test Case," Semeia 44 (1988): 9-44.
John Meier, "Criteria: How Do We Decide What Comes from Jesus?" A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, vol. 1 (New York: Doubleday, 1991), pp. 167-95.
Christopher Tuckett, "Sources and Methods," in The Cambridge Companion to Jesus, ed. Markus Bockmuehl (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 121-37.
H. W. Shin, Textual Criticism and the Synoptic Problem in Historical Jesus Research: The Search for Valid Criteria (Dudley, MA: Peeters, 2004), pp. 135-220, pp. 320-34.
Eric Eve, "Meier, Miracle, and Multiple Attestation," Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 3, no. 1 (2005): 23-45.
William John Lyons, "The Hermeneutics of Fictional Black and Factual Red: The Markan Simon of Cyrene and the Quest for the Historical Jesus," Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 4, no. 2 (June 2006): 139-54 (cf. 150-51, n. 51).
William John Lyons, "A Prophet Is Rejected in His Home Town (Mark 6.4 and Parallels): A Study in the Methodological (In)Consistency of the Jesus Seminar," Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 6, no. 1 (March 2008): 59-84.
Rafael Rodriguez, "Authenticating Criteria: The Use and Misuse of a Critical Method," Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 7, no. 2 (2009): 152-67.
Bernard Brandon Scott, ed., Finding the Historical Jesus: Rules of Evidence (Santa Rosa, CA: Polebridge, 2008).
Fernando Bermejo-Rubio, "The Fiction of the 'Three Quests': An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Historiographical Paradigm," Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 7.3 (2009): 211-53.
R. Joseph Hoffmann, ed., Sources of the Jesus Tradition: Separating History from Myth (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2010).
Thomas Verenna and Thomas L. Thompson, eds., 'Is This Not the Carpenter?' The Question of the Historicity of the Figure of Jesus (Sheffield, UK: Equinox, 2012).
Dale Allison, The Historical Christ; David Gowler, What Are They Saying about the Historical Jesus? (New York: Paulist,2007).
Mark Strauss, Four Portraits, One Jesus: An Introduction to Jesus and the Gospels (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2007), pp. 358-82 (with pp. 397-98 and p. 491).
Ben Witherington III, What Have They Done with Jesus? Beyond Strange Theories and Bad History (New York: HarperOne, 2006).
Ben Witherington III, The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1997).
Robert Price, The Pre-Nicene New Testament: Fifty-Four Formative Texts (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2006), pp. 1169-80.
Craig Evans, Fabricating Jesus: How Modern Scholars Distort the Gospels (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity: 2006).
James Dunn and Scot McKnight, eds., The Historical Jesus in Recent Research (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2005).
Craig Evans, ed., The Historical Jesus: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, vol. 1: The History of the Quest: Classical Studies and Critical Questions (London: Routledge, 2004).
Donald L. Denton, Historiography and Hermeneutics in Jesus Studies: An Examination of the Work of John Dominic Crossan and Ben F. Meyer (New York: T & T Clark, 2004).
Darrell Bock, Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002).
Bruce Chilton and Craig Evans, eds., Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research (New York: E. J. Brill, 1998).
Mark Allen Powell, Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee (Louisville, KY: John Knox, 1998).
Raymond Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament (New York: Paulist 1997), pp. 817-30.
Luke Timothy Johnson, The Real Jesus: The Misguided Quest for the Historical Jesus and the Truth of the Traditional Gospels (New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1996).
Marcus Borg, Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship (Valley Forge, PA: Trinity, 1994).
Walter P. Weaver, The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century, 1900-1950 (Valley Forge, PA: Trinity, 1999).
Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede, trans. W. Montgomery (New York: Macmillan, 1910).
Alvar Ellegard, Jesus--One Hundred Years before Christ: A Study in Creative Mythology (Woodstock, NY: Overlook, 1999).
Israel Knohl, The Messiah before Jesus:The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
Robert Eisenman, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the First Christians (Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2009), The New Testament Code: The Cup of the Lord, the Damascus Covenant, and the Blood of Christ (London: Watkins, 2006), James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls (New York: Viking, 1997).
Scot McKnight, Jesus and His Death: Historiography, the Historical Jesus, and Atonement Theory (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2005).
William Herzog II, Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus (Louisville, KY: John Knox, 2005).
Thomas Verenna, Of Men and Muses: Essays on History, Literature, and Religion (Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com, 2009), pp. 46-47.
John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant (New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992), p. xxviii.
Helmut Koester, "The Historical Jesus and the Historical Situation of the Quest: An Epilogue," in Chilton and Evans, Studying the Historical Jesus, pp. 535-45 (quoting p. 544).
John C. Poirier, "Seeing What Is There in Spite of Ourselves: George Tyrrell, John Dominic Crossan, and Robert Frost on Faces in Deep Wells," Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 4, no. 2 (2006): 127-38.
James Crossley, Jesus in an Age of Terror: Scholarly Projects for a New American Century (Oakville, CT: Equinox, 2008).
Stephen Prothero, American Jesus: How the Son of God Became a National Icon (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003).
Adele Reinhartz, Jesus of Hollywood (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
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For the epistemology underlying these axioms and the concepts and assumptions within them, see my book Sense and Goodness without God (esp. pp. 21-62 and pp. 211-52) and my essay "Epistemological End Game" (November 29, 2006) at richardcarrier.blogspot.com/2006/11/epistemological-end-game.html. I further discuss the epistemology of history in my essay "Experimental History" (June 28, 2007) at richardcarrier.blogspot.com/2007/07/experimental-history.html. The latter is reproduced in Richard Carrier, Hitler Homer Bible Christ (Philosophy Press 2014).
David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York: Harper & Row, 1970).
Richard Carrier, "The Function of the Historian in Society," History Teacher 35, no. 4 (August 2002): 519-26. Reproduced in Richard Carrier, Hitler Homer Bible Christ (Philosophy Press 2014).
James Tabor, "Leaving the Bones Behind: A Resurrected Jesus Tradition with an Intact Tomb," paper presented in 2008 at the "Sources of the Jesus Tradition" conference in Amherst, NY.
Bruce Chilton, Rabbi Paul: An Intellectual Biography (New York: Doubleday, 2004), pp. 57-58.
Gregory Riley, Resurrection Reconsidered: Thomas and John in Controversy (Minneapolis: Fortress 1995).
Adela Collins, "The Empty Tomb in the Gospel According to Mark," Hermes and Athena: Biblical Exegesis and Philosophical Theology, ed. Eleonore Stump and Thomas Flint (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1993), pp. 107-40.
Peter Lampe, "Paul's Concept of a Spiritual Body," Resurrection: Theological and Scientific Assessments, Ted Peters, Robert John Russell, and Michael Welker, ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2002), pp. 103-14.
Dale Martin, The Corinthian Body (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995).
C. F. Moule, "St. Paul and Dualism: The Pauline Conception of the Resurrection," New Testament Studies 12 (1966): 106-23.
William Johnson, "Toward a Sociology of Reading in Classical Antiquity," American Journal of Philology 121, no. 4 (Winter 2000): 593-627.
A. K. Gavrilov, "Reading Techniques in Classical Antiquity," Classical Quarterly 47 (1997): 56-73.
M. F. Burnyeat, "Postscript on Silent Reading," Classical Quarterly 47 (1997): 74-76.
Bernard Knox, "Silent Reading in Antiquity," Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 9 (1968): 421-35.
Richard Carrier, "History Before 1950," April 30, 2007, at richardcarrier.blogspot.com/2007/04/history-before-1950.html. Reproduced in Richard Carrier, Hitler Homer Bible Christ (Philosophy Press 2014).
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John Earman, Bayes or Bust? A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992).
Robert Van Voorst, Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2000).
Felix Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Leiden: Brill, 1954), § 256 F1. For a complete translation and commentary thereof, see Richard Carrier, "Jacoby and Müller on 'Thallus,'" Secular Web, 1999, at infidels.org/library/modern/richard_carrier/jacoby.html.
Richard Carrier, "Thallus and the Darkness at Christ's Death," Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism 8 (2011-2012): 185-91. Reproduced in Richard Carrier, Hitler Homer Bible Christ (Philosophy Press 2014).
Matthew Hedman, The Age of Everything: How Science Explores the Past (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
Cynthia Stokes Brown, Big History: From the Big Bang to the Present (New York: New Press, 2007).
Eric Chaisson, Epic of Evolution: Seven Ages of the Cosmos (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).
Massimo Pigliucci, Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), pp. 18-23 and pp. 45-55.
Marc Trachtenberg, The Craft of International History: A Guide to Method (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 14-29.
John Lewis Gaddis, The Landscape of History: How Historians Map the Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
Richard Carrier, "Bayes's Theorem for Beginners: Formal Logic and Its Relevance to Historical Method," Sources of the Jesus Tradition: Separating History from Myth, ed. R. Joseph Hoffmann (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2010), pp. 81-108, with corrections published in Richard Carrier, "Sources of the Jesus Tradition," May 30, 2011, at richardcarrier.blogspot.com/2011/05/sources-of-jesus-tradition.html, which should also be read with the associated adjunct document at richardcarrier.info/CarrierDec08.pdf, which concludes with a useful tutorial (on pp. 27-39, the section beginners will find the most useful after reading the present book). See also my evolving "Bayesian Calculator," at richardcarrier.info/bayescalculator.html. I also provide a discussion and application of Bayes' Theorem in the endnotes and text of my chapter on the resurrection in The Christian Delusion as well as in my chapters on the origin of Christianity and the Argument to Design in The End of Christianity.
Sharon Bertsch McGrayne, The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011).
Richard Lempert, "Modeling Relevance," Michigan Law Review 75, no. 5/6 (April-May 1977): 1021-57.
Daniel Kornstein, "A Bayesian Model of Harmless Error," Journal of Legal Studies 5, no. 1 (January 1976): 121-45.
Winsome Munro, "Interpolation in the Epistles: Weighing Probability," New Testament Studies 36 (1990): 431-43.
James Albertson, "An Application of Mathematical Probability to Manuscript Discoveries," Journal of Biblical Literature 78 (1959): 133-41.
Caitlin Buck, William Cavanagh, and Clifford Litton, Bayesian Approach to Interpreting Archaeological Data (Chichester, England: Wiley, 1996).
W. G. Cavanagh et al., "Empirical Bayesian Methods for Archaeological Survey Data: An Application from the Mesa Verde Region," American Antiquity 72, no. 2 (April 2007): 241-72.
E. T. Jaynes, Probability Theory: The Logic of Science, ed. G. Larry Bretthorst (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
Luc Bovens and Stephan Hartmann, Bayesian Epistemology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
Richard Swinburne, ed., Bayes's Theorem (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
[Also of use is a Washington University website on Bayes's Theorem highlighting the work of E. T. Jaynes (bayes.wustl.edu) and the online Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entries on Bayesian epistemology (plato.stanford .edu/entries/epistemology-bayesian) and Bayes's Theorem (plato.stanford.edu/entries/bayes-theorem). A complete proof of the formal validity of Bayes' Theorem in modern notation is provided in A. Papoulis, "Bayes' Theorem in Statistics" and "Bayes' Theorem in Statistics (Reexamined)," in Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984), pp. 38-39, pp. 78-81, and pp. 112-114 (cf. §3-5 and 4-4).]
Peter Lee, Bayesian Statistics: An Introduction, 3rd ed. (London: Hodder, 2004).
James Berger, Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis, 2nd ed. (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993).
Colin Howson and Peter Urbach, Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Open Court, 1993).
José Bernardo and Adrian Smith, Bayesian Theory (Chichester: Wiley, 1994).
J. A. Hartigan, Bayes Theory (New York: Springer, 1983).
Thomas Ferguson, Mathematical Statistics: A Decision Theoretic Approach (New York: Academic, 1967).
H. Jeffreys, Theory of Probability, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961).
Richard Carrier, "On Defining Naturalism as a Worldview," Free Inquiry 30, no. 3 (April/May 2010): 50-51.
Yonatan Fishman, "Can Science Test Supernatural Worldviews?" Science & Education 18, no. 6-7 (2007): 813-37.
Alan Cromer, Uncommon Sense: The Heretical Nature of Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (New York: Basic Books, 1959), Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, 5th ed. (New York: Routledge, 1989).
Zuzana Parusniková and Robert S. Cohen, eds., Rethinking Popper (Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag, 2009).
Laura Sanders, "The Probabilistic Mind: Human Brains Evolved to Deal with Doubt," Science News (October 8, 2011): 18-21.
John Allen Paulos, Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences (New York: Hill and Wang, 1988).
Charles Seife, Proofiness: The Dark Arts of Mathematical Deception (New York: Viking, 2010).
Ronald Staszkow and Robert Bradshaw, The Mathematical Palette, 3rd ed. (Brooks Cole, 2004).
Marc Zev, Kevin Segal, and Nathan Levy, 101 Things Everyone Should Know about Math (Washington, DC: Science, Naturally!, 2010).
Danica McKellar, Math Doesn't Suck: How to Survive Middle-School Math without Losing Your Mind or Breaking a Nail (New York: Hudson Street Press, 2007), Kiss My Math: Showing Pre-Algebra Who's Boss (New York: Hudson Street Press, 2008), Hot X: Algebra Exposed (New York: Hudson Street Press, 2010).
L. Chayes, D. McKellar, and B. Winn, "Percolation and Gibbs States Multiplicity for Ferromagnetic Ashkin-Teller Models on Z2," Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 31, no. 45 (1998): 9055.
Arthur Dempster, "A Generalization of Bayesian Inference," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 30, Series B (1968): 205-47.
Glenn Shafer, A Mathematical Theory of Evidence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976).
Kari Sentz and Scott Ferson, "Combination of Evidence in Dempster-Shafer Theory," technical report, Sandia National Laboratories SAND 2002 -0835, available at www.sandia.gov/epistemic/Reports/SAND2002-0835.pdf.
Tom Siegfried, "Odds Are, It's Wrong: Science Fails to Face the Shortcomings of Statistics," Science News 177, no. 7 (March 27, 2010): 26-29 (with supplemental materials at http://bit.ly/aq1x28).
Jerome Cornfield, "The Frequency Theory of Probability, Bayes' Theorem, and Sequential Clinical Trials," in Bayesian Statistics, Donald Meyer and Raymond Collier Jr., ed. [Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock, 1968], pp. 1-28).
George Diamond and Sanjay Kaul, "Prior Convictions: Bayesian Approaches to the Analysis and Interpretation of Clinical Megatrials," Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43, no. 11 (June 2, 2004): 1929-39.
Kees van Deemter, Not Exactly: In Praise of Vagueness (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
Sérgio B. Volchan, "Probability as Typicality," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 38, no. 4 (December 2007): 801-14.
C. Behan McCullagh, Justifying Historical Descriptions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 58.
Giulio D'Agostini, "Role and Meaning of Subjective Probability: Some Comments on Common Misconceptions" in Ali Mohammad-Djafari, ed., Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering (Melville, NY: American Institute of Physics, 2001): 23-30, also available at arxiv.org/abs/physics/0010064.
Giulio D'Agostini, "Teaching Statistics in the Physics Curriculum: Unifying and Clarifying Role of Subjective Probability," American Journal of Physics 67, no. 12 (December 1999): 1260-68.
Sandra LaFave, "Thinking Critically about the 'Subjective'/'Objective' Distinction," instruct.west valley.edu/lafave/subjective_objective.html.
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John Earman, Bayes or Bust? A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992), p. 63.
C. Behan McCullagh, The Logic of History: Putting Postmodernism in Perspective (New York: Routledge, 2004), The Truth of History (New York: Routledge, 1998), and Justifying Historical Descriptions.
David Henige, Historical Evidence and Argument (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005).
Marc Trachtenberg, The Craft of International History: A Guide to Method (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).
J. Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and Directions in the Study of Modern History, 4th ed. (New York: Longman, 2006).
Allan Megill, Historical Knowledge, Historical Error: A Contemporary Guide to Practice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
Walter Prevenier and Martha Howell, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).
Clayton Roberts, The Logic of Historical Explanation (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996).
Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob, Telling the Truth about History (New York: Norton, 1995).
Robert Shafer, A Guide to Historical Method, 3rd ed. (Homewood, IL: Dorsey, 1980).
David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York: Harper & Row, 1970).
Homer Hockett, The Critical Method in Historical Research and Writing (New York: Macmillan, 1955), especially part 1.
Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method (New York: Knopf, 1950).
Gilbert Garraghan, A Guide to Historical Method (New York: Fordham University Press, 1946).
John Lewis Gaddis, The Landscape of History: How Historians Map the Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
G. R. Elton, The Practice of History, 2nd ed. (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002).
David Cannadine, ed., What Is History Now? (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).
Richard Evans, In Defence of History (London: Granta Books, 1997), Return to Essentials: Some Reflections on the Present State of Historical Study (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
Robin Collingwood, The Idea of History (with Lectures 1926-1928) (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), The Principles of History and Other Writings in Philosophy of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
Murray Murphey, Philosophical Foundations of Historical Knowledge (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994).
J. L. Gorman, Understanding History: An Introduction to Analytical Philosophy of History (Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa Press, 1992).
Arthur Danto, Narration and Knowledge (Including the Integral Text of Analytical Philosophy of History) (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985).
Paul Veyne, Writing History: Essay on Epistemology (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1984).
John Lukacs, Historical Consciousness: The Remembered Past (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), The Future of History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011).
Morton Gabriel White, Foundations of Historical Knowledge (New York, Harper & Row, 1965).
William Dray, ed., Philosophical Analysis and History (New York: Harper & Row, 1966).
Edward Carr, What Is History? (New York: Knopf, 1961).
Marc Bloch, The Historian's Craft (New York: Knopf, 1953).
[Bibliography for and description of the Rain Miracle of Marcus Aurelius is in Sense and Goodness without God, pp. 228-31, and recently supplemented by Péter Kovács, Marcus Aurelius' Rain Miracle and the Marcomannic Wars (Leiden: Brill, 2009).]
Peter Lipton, Inference to the Best Explanation, 2nd ed. (Routledge, 2004); on which see Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, June 1, 2005, ndpr.nd.edu/news/24796-inference-to-the-best-explanation-2nd-edition.
William H. Jefferys and James O. Berger, "Sharpening Ockham's Razor on a Bayesian Strop," Technical Report #91-44 C, Department of Statistics, Purdue University, August 1991, available at bayesrules.net/papers/ockham.pdf.
E. T. Jaynes, Probability Theory: The Logic of Science, ed. G. Larry Bretthorst (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 601-13.
P. M. B. Vitanyi and Ming Li, "Minimum Description Length Induction, Bayesianism, and Kolmogorov Complexity," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 46, no. 2 (March 2000): 446-64.
Tom Siegfried, "Odds Are, It's Wrong: Science Fails to Face the Shortcomings of Statistics," Science News 177, no. 7 (March 27, 2010).
George Diamond and Sanjay Kaul, "Prior Convictions: Bayesian Approaches to the Analysis and Interpretation of Megatrends," Journal of the Amerian College of Cardiology 43, no. 11 (June 2, 2004).
Hundreds of examples of exposed paranormal myths and frauds are cataloged in the books and articles of Joe Nickel, James Randi, Robert Todd Carroll, and Massimo Polidoro; the websites of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) (csicop.org) and Snopes (snopes.com); in various anthologies and issues of the Skeptic and the Skeptical Inquirer; and in various encyclopedias, including The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002) and An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural (New York: St. Martin's, 1995).
Robert Shanafelt, "Magic, Miracle, and Marvels in Anthropology," Ethnos 69, no. 3 (September 2004): 317-40.
Craig Keener, "A Reassessment of Hume's Case against Miracles in Light of Testimony from the Majority World Today," Perspectives in Religious Studies 38, no. 3 (Fall 2011): 289-310.
Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk-Literature: A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk-Tales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-books, and Local Legends, vols. 1-6 (Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1932-1936).
Louis Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, vols. 1-7 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1909-1938).
Wendy Cotter, Miracles in Greco-Roman Antiquity: A Sourcebook for the Study of New Testament Miracle Stories (New York: Routledge, 1999).
Charles Fornara, The Nature of History in Ancient Greece and Rome (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).
Michael Grant, Greek and Roman Historians: Information and Misinformation (London: Routledge, 1995).
A. B. Bosworth, From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in Historical Interpretation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).
Alan Cameron, Greek Mythography in the Roman World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
Mary Lefkowitz, The Lives of the Greek Poets (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
Ava Chitwood, Death by Philosophy: The Biographical Tradition in the Life and Death of the Archaic Philosophers Empedocles, Heraclitus, and Democritus (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004).
Aviezer Tucker, "Miracles, Historical Testimonies, and Probabilities," History and Theory 44 (October 2005): 373-90.
Robert Fogelin, A Defense of Hume on Miracles (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).
Michael Levine, "Bayesian Analyses of Hume's Argument Concerning Miracles," Philosophy and Theology 10, no. 1 (1997): 101-106.
Jordan Howard Sobel, "On the Evidence of Testimony for Miracles: A Bayesian Interpretation of David Hume's Analysis," Philosophical Quarterly 37, no. 147 (April 1987): 166-86.
Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts (New York: Free Press, 2001).
Thomas Thompson, The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
William Dever, What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It? What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2001).
[The Argument from Silence is discussed in Garraghan, Guide to Historical Method, §149a; Shafer, Guide to Historical Method, p. 77; Gottschalk, Understanding History, pp. 45-46; and Neville Morley, Writing Ancient History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 67-68.]
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Christopher Tuckett, "Sources and Methods," in The Cambridge Companion to Jesus, ed. Markus Bockmuehl (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 132-33.
Mark Allan Powell, "Sources and Criteria," in Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee (Louisville, KY: John Knox, 1998), pp. 31-50, 187-89 (quoting p. 47).
Mary Rose D'Angelo, "Abba and Father: Imperial Theology in the Contexts of Jesus and the Gospels," in The Historical Jesus in Context, ed. Amy-Jill Levine, Dale C. Allison Jr., and John Dominic Crossan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 64-78.
Joachim Jeremias, "Abba as an Address to God," in The Historical Jesus in Recent Research, ed. James Dunn and Scot McKnight (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2005), pp. 201-206.
Stanley Porter, The Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research: Previous Discussion and New Proposals (Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000).
Gerd Theissen and Dagmar Winter, The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria, trans. M. Eugene Boring (Louisville, KY: John Knox Press, 2002).
Dennis Ingolfsland, "The Historical Jesus according to John Dominic Crossan's First Strata Sources: A Critical Comment," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 45, no. 3 (2002): 405-414 (quoting p. 413, n. 40).
John Meier, "Criteria: How Do We Decide What Comes from Jesus?" A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, vol. 1 (New York: Doubleday, 1991), pp. 168-71.
Dennis Polkow, "Method and Criteria for Historical Jesus Research," in Society of Biblical Literature 1987 Seminar Papers, ed. Kent Harold Richards (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1987), pp. 336-56 (cf. p. 341).
Bernard Jefferson, "Declarations against Interest: An Exception to the Hearsay Rule," Harvard Law Review 58, no. 1 (Noveber 1944): 1-69.
John Capowski, "Statements against Interest, Reliability, and the Confrontation Clause," Seton Hall Law Review 28 (1997): 471-511.
[Examples of the current rule at law are Rule 804(b)(3) of the US Federal Rules of Evidence and Section 230 of the California Evidence Code.]
Randel Helms, Gospel Fictions (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1988).
Burton Mack, A Myth of Innocence: Mark and Christian Origins (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1988).
Dennis MacDonald, The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000).
Thomas Thompson, The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David (New York: Basic Books, 2005).
Michael Vines, The Problem of Markan Genre: The Gospel of Mark and the Jewish Novel (Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002).
R. G. Price, The Gospel of Mark as Reaction and Allegory (Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com, 2007).
Wayne Kannaday, Apologetic Discourse and the Scribal Tradition: Evidence of the Influence of Apologetic Interests on the Text of the Canonical Gospels (Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature).
Bart Ehrman, The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
C. S. C. Williams, Alterations to the Text of the Synoptic Gospels and Acts (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1951).
M.D. Hooker, "Christology and Methodology," New Testament Studies 17 (1970): 482.
[We know almost nothing of the context behind 1 Corinthians 15:29, or the whole of 1 Corinthians 12 and 14, or the myriad undescribed "other gospels" and "other communities" of Christians competing with Paul's (e.g., Galatians 1:6-9; 1 Corinthians 1:12, 3:4-6; 2 Corinthians 11:4, 13; Romans 16:17-18; Philemon 1:15-17; and after Paul: 2 Thessalonians 2:2-5, 15; 1 Timothy 4:1-3, 7, 5:15; 2 Timothy 2:16-18, 3:4-7, 9-10, 13-14; 2 Peter 2:1-3, 3:16; 1 John 4:1; Jude 3-4, 8-16; Hebrews 13:8-9). The diversity of Jewish thought in the same period is likewise bewildering, and our ignorance extends well beyond even that: The Empty Tomb, pp. 107-10, 180-82.]
Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993): 3-36 (referencing pp. 24-26).
Douglas Moo, The Old Testament in the Gospel Passion Narratives (Sheffield, UK: Almond Press, 1983), pp. 264-83.
Jerry Camery-Hoggatt, Irony in Mark's Gospel: Text and Subtext (New York: Cambridge University, 1992). [See also The Empty Tomb, pp. 163-65.]
Paul Danove, The End of Mark's Story: A Methodological Study (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1993).
Adela Collins, "The Empty Tomb in the Gospel According to Mark," in Hermes and Athena: Biblical Exegis and Philosophical Theology, ed. Eleonore Stump and Thomas Flint (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame, 1993), pp. 107-40.
Gerd Lüdemann, "Paul as a Witness to the Historical Jesus," in Sources of the Jesus Tradition: Separating History from Myth, ed. Joseph Hoffmann (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2010), pp. 196-212.
Bart Ehrman, Forged: Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are (New York: HarperOne, 2011).
Timothy Peter Wiseman, The Myths of Rome (Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 2004), pp. 46-47, 138-48.
André Lacocque, The Book of Daniel (Louisville, KY: John Knox, 1979).
Richard Carrier, "The Dying Messiah," October 5, 2011, richardcarrier.blogspot.com/2011/10/dying-messiah.html, which has been superseded by "The Dying Messiah Redux," June 14, 2012, freethoughtblogs.com/carrier/archives/1440.
[Mark 13:14 quotes Daniel directly (and Matthew provides the attribution: Matthew 24:15).]
[I quote Goodacre's weblog comments (from November 21, 2005) now archived at web.archive.org/web/20080921090341/http://ntgateway.com/weblog/2005/11/sbl-monday-afternoon.html, which he has developed into a detailed argument against both the Embarrassment and Multiple Attestation criteria in Mark Goodacre, "Criticizing the Criterion of Multiple Attestation: The Historical Jesus and the Question of Sources," in Jesus, History and the Demise of Authenticity, ed. Chris Keith and Anthony LeDonne (New York: T & T Clark, forthcoming, 2012). See also Rafael Rodriguez, "The Embarrassing Truth about Jesus: The Demise of the Criterion of Embarrassment," in the same volume.]
John Meier, "The Circle of the Twelve: Did It Exist During Jesus' Ministry?" Journal of Biblical Literature 116, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 665 [635-72].
Earl Doherty, The Jesus Puzzle: Did Christianity Begin with a Mythical Christ? (Ottawa, ON: Canadian Humanist, 1999) and Jesus: Neither God nor Man (Ottawa, ON: Age of Reason, 2009).
[Talmud, b.Sanhedrin 43a.]
[Suggesting Jesus may have declared himself king and marshaled an armed force: e.g., Mark 14:47, John 18:10, Luke 22:36-38, and all of Mark 15 and parallels. For the most valiant attempt to make this case, see S. G. F. Brandon, Jesus and the Zealots: A Study of the Political Factor in Primitive Christianity (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1967).]
[It would not take much for the Romans to misunderstand apocalyptic religious talk as code for armed rebellion and convict and execute Jesus on those grounds alone, as demonstrated by their equally decisive response to other occasions of that very thing illustrated in Josephus, cf. Craig Evans, "Josephus on John the Baptist and Other Jewish Prophets of Deliverance," in Levine, Allison, and Crossan, Historical Jesus in Context, pp. 55-63. The later execution of Christians for arson may reflect exactly the same misunderstanding: just read Tacitus, Annals 15.44 in light of 2 Peter 3.]
George Nickelsburg, "First and Second Enoch: A Cry against Oppression and the Promise of Deliverance," in Levine, Allison, and Crossan, Historical Jesus in Context, pp. 87-109, and "The Genre and Function of the Markan Passion Narrative," Harvard Theological Review 73, no. 1/2 (January-April 1980): 153-84; see also Thompson, Messiah Myth, pp. 191-93.
Eric Laupot, "Tacitus' Fragment 2: The Anti-Roman Movement of the Christiani and the Nazoreans," Vigiliae Christianae 54, no. 3 (2000): 233-47.
J. S. Kennard, "Was Capernaum the Home of Jesus?" Journal of Biblical Literature 65, no. 2 (June 1946): 131-41 and "Nazorean and Nazareth," Journal of Biblical Literature 66, no. 1 (March 1947): 79-81, responding to W. F. Albright's reply in "The Names Nazareth and Nazoraean," Journal of Biblical Literature 65, no. 4 (December 1946): 397-401.
[Gospel of Phillip 66:14, 56:12, 62:8, 62:15. Irenaeus, Against All Heresies 1.21.3.]
René Salm, The Myth of Nazareth: The Invented Town of Jesus (Cranford, NJ: American Atheist, 2008): pp. xii-xiii and 299, n. 109(c).
Susan Levin, "Platonic Eponymy and the Literary Tradition," Phoenix 50, no. 3/4 (Autumn-Winter 1996): 197-207.
Robert Price, The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable Is the Gospel Tradition? (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000), pp. 51-54.
Israel Knohl, "'By Three Days, Live': Messiahs, Resurrection, and Ascent to Heaven in Hazon Gabriel," Journal of Religion 88, no. 2 (April 2008): 147-58.
Marcus Borg, "The Historical Study of Jesus and Christian Origins," in Jesus at 2000, ed. Marcus Borg (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997), pp. 121-48.
[For more on the literary role of inventing a baptismal link between Jesus and John, see Thompson, Messiah Myth, pp. 33-37, 46-47; and Price, Incredible Shrinking Son of Man, pp. 101-30.]
John Gager, "The Gospels and Jesus: Some Doubts about Method," Journal of Religion 54, no. 3 (July 1974):262-63, citing as an example the theory proposed in Morton Scott Enslin, Christian Beginnings (New York: Harper & Row, 1956), p. 156.
[Regarding Mark 1:11, see Ehrman, Orthodox Corruption, pp. 47-118, for scribal attempts to conceal this in the manuscripts of Luke; that Mark probably underwent the same erasure is argued by the fact that Mark is clearly quoting Psalm 2:7, which contains the words now curiously erased from Mark, yet those missing words were fundamental to Christian tradition (Acts 13:33; Hebrews 1:5, 5:5) and obviously fit Mark's intentions.]
Mogens Müller, The Expression 'Son of Man' and the Development of Christology: A History of Interpretation (Oakville, CT: Equinox, 2008).
Larry Hurtado and Paul Owen, eds., Who Is This Son of Man? The Latest Scholarship on a Puzzling Expression of the Historical Jesus (New York: T & T Clark, 2011).
P. M. Casey, "Son of Man," in The Historical Jesus in Recent Research, ed. James Dunn and Scot McKnight (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2005), pp. 315-24;.
Leslie Walck, The Son of Man in the Parables of Enoch and in Matthew (London: T & T Clark, 2011).
Mark Goodacre, The Case against Q: Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity, 2002), with his accompanying website at markgoodacre.org/Q.
Robert Price, "Apocryphal Apparitions: 1 Corinthians 15:3-11 as a Post-Pauline Interpolation," The Empty Tomb, pp. 69-104.
Richard Pervo, The Mystery of Acts: Unraveling Its Story (Santa Rosa, CA: Polebridge, 2008) and Acts: A Commentary (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2009).
Haim Cohn, The Trial and Death of Jesus (New York: Harper & Row, 1971).
[Compare Zechariah 11 (esp. in the LXX) and Matthew 27:3-10 (with possible allusions as well to Jeremiah 18:1-11 and 32:6-26). See Randel Helms, Gospel Fictions, pp. 112-17 and the relevant section of John Nolland, The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2005).]
Marcus Borg, "The Historical Study of Jesus and Christian Origins," Jesus at 2000, pp. 121-48 (quotes from pp. 145-46).
Anthony Le Donne, The Historiographical Jesus: Memory, Typology, and the Son of David (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2009), p. 90.
David Sim, The Gospel of Matthew and Christian Judaism: The History and Social Setting of the Matthean Community (Edinburgh, UK: T & T Clark, 1998).
David Sim, "Matthew's Use of Mark: Did Matthew Intend to Supplement or to Replace His Primary Source?" New Testament Studies 57, no. 2 (April 2011): 176-92 and "Matthew, Paul and the Origin and Nature of the Gentile Mission: The Great Commission in Matthew 28:16-20 as an Anti-Pauline Tradition," Hervormde Teologiese Studies 64, no. 1 (2008): 377-92.
Margaret Williams, "VII.2. Pagans Sympathetic to Judaism" and "VII.3. Pagan Converts to Judaism" in The Jews among the Greeks and Romans: A Diasporan Sourcebook (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 163-79.
Eric Eve, "Meier, Miracle, and Multiple Attestation," Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 3.1 (2005): 23-45.
Herman Waetjen, The Gospel of the Beloved Disciple: A Work in Two Editions (New York: T & T Clark, 2005).
C. K. Barrett, The Gospel According to St. John, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978), pp. 15-26.
C. H. Dodd, Historical Tradition in the Fourth Gospel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963).
Robert Price, The Pre-Nicene New Testament (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2006), pp. 665-718.
Andrew Gregory, "The Third Gospel? The Relationship of John and Luke Reconsidered," in Challenging Perspectives on the Gospel of John, ed. John Lierman (Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, 2006), pp. 109-34.
Raymond Brown and Francis Moloney, An Introduction to the Gospel of John (Minneapolis: Doubleday, 2003).
Raymond Brown, The Gospel According to John (Minneapolis: Doubleday, 1966-1970).
Robert Van Voorst, Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2000).
Gerd Theissen and Annette Merz, The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide, trans. John Bowden (Minneapolis: Fortress press, 1996).
H. W. Shin, Textual Criticism and the Synoptic Problem in Historical Jesus Research: The Search for Valid Criteria (Dudley, MA: Peeters, 2004).
Marcus Borg, Jesus: Uncovering the Life, Teachings, and Relevance of a Religious Revolutionary (New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 2006), pp. 72-73.
Richard Pervo, Dating Acts: Between the Evangelists and the Apologists (Santa Rosa, CA: Polebridge, 2006).
Steve Mason, "Josephus and Luke-Acts," Josephus and the New Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1992), pp. 185-229.
Gregory Sterling, Historiography and Self-Definition: Josephos, Luke-Acts and Apologetic Historiography (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1992).
Heinz Schreckenberg, "Flavius Josephus und die lukanischen Schriften," in Wort in der Zeit: Neutestamentliche Studien, Karl Rengstorf and Wilfrid Haubeck, eds. (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1980), 179-209.
Max Krenkel, Josephus und Lucas: Der Schriftstellerische Einfluss des Jüdischen Geschichtschreibers auf den Christlichen (Leipzig, Germany: H. Haessel, 1894).
Eric Kandel, In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006).
C. J. Brainerd and V. F. Reyna, The Science of False Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Alan Baddeley, Your Memory: A User's Guide, new illustrated ed. (Buffalo, NY: Firefly, 2004).
Daniel Schacter, The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001).
Daniel Schacter and Joseph Coyle, eds., Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).
Elizabeth Loftus and James Doyle, Eyewitness Testimony: Civil and Criminal, 3rd ed. (Charlottesville, VA: Lexis Law, 1997).
Gary Wells and Elizabeth Loftus, eds., Eyewitness Testimony: Psychological Perspectives (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition: A Study in Historical Methodology (London: Routledge, 1965).
Paul Richard Thompson, The Voice of the Past: Oral History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
David Henige, Oral Historiography (New York: Longman, 1982).
Rosalind Thomas, Oral Tradition and Written Record in Classical Athens (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Dale Allison Jr., Constructing Jesus: Memory, Imagination, and History (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2010).
Robert Eagleson, "Forensic Analysis of Personal Written Texts: A Case Study" and Wilfrid Smith, "Computers, Statistics and Disputed Authorship," in Language and the Law, ed. John Gibbons (New York: Longman, 1994), pp. 362-73 and 374-413.
Erica Klarreich, "Bookish Math: Statistical Tests Are Unraveling Knotty Literary Mysteries," Science News 164, no. 25-26 (December 20 and 27, 2003): 392-93.
Donald Foster, Author Unknown: Tales of a Literary Detective (New York: H. Holt, 2000).
Ian Marriott, "The Authorship of the Historia Augusta: Two Computer Studies," Journal of Roman Studies 69 (1979): 65-77.
James Dunn, "The Characteristic Jesus," A New Perspective on Jesus: What the Quest for the Historical Jesus Missed (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2005), pp. 69-78 (quoting p. 69).
David Gowler, "The Chreia," in Levine, Allison, and Crossan, Historical Jesus in Context, pp. 132-48.
Tim Whitmarsh, Greek Literature and the Roman Empire: The Politics of Imitation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
Raffaella Cribiore, Gymnastics of the Mind: Greek Education in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
Dennis MacDonald, The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark, pp. 4-6 and Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey, Plato, and the Acts of Andrew (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
[Thomas Brodie's doctoral dissertation, "Luke the Literary Interpreter: Luke-Acts as a Systematic Rewriting and Updating of the Elijah-Elisha Narrative in 1 and 2 Kings" (Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, 1981), pp. 5-93.]
Robert Stein, "Criteria for the Gospels' Authenticity," Contending with Christianity's Critics: Answering New Atheists and Other Objectors, eds. Paul Copan and William Lane Craig (Nashville, TN: B & H Academic, 2009), pp. 88-103 (cf. p. 98).
Anthony Le Donne, The Historiographical Jesus and Historical Jesus: What Can We Know and How Can We Know It? (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans 2011).
[1 Corinthians 3:15-17 and 6:19; the Pseudo-Pauline Ephesians 2:20-22.]
Dennis MacDonald, "Imitations of Greek Epic in the Gospels," in Levine, Allison, and Crossan, Historical Jesus in Context, pp. 372-84 (quoting p. 374).
Dennis MacDonald, Homeric Epics; Does the New Testament Imitate Homer? Four Cases from the Acts of the Apostles (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003) and "The Shipwrecks of Odysseus and Paul," New Testament Studies 45 (1999): 88-107 and "Secrecy and Recognitions in the Odyssey and Mark: Where Wrede Went Wrong," Ancient Fiction and Early Christian Narrative, ed. Ronald Hock, J. Bradley Chance, and Judith Perkins (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1998), pp. 139-54.
Thomas Brodie, The Birthing of the New Testament: The Intertextual Development of the New Testament Writings (Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2004).
Dennis MacDonald, ed., Mimesis and Intertextuality in Antiquity and Christianity (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2001).
Thomas Brodie, Proto-Luke: The Oldest Gospel Account: A Christ-Centered Synthesis of Old Testament History Modeled Especially on the Elijah-Elisha Narrative: Introduction, Text, and Old Testament Model (Limerick, Ireland: Dominican Biblical Institute, 2006), p. 3.
Thomas Mathews, The Clash of the Gods: A Reinterpretation of Christian Art (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 66, 72, 77-84 (with figs. 55, 59).
Robin Margaret Jensen, Understanding Early Christian Art (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 174-78 (with figs. 21, 24).
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David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), quoting p. 264.
Thomas Wallsten and Adele Diederich, "Understanding Pooled Subjective Probability Estimates," Mathematical Social Sciences 41, no. 1 (January 2001): 1-18.
Bruce Bower, "Night of the Crusher: The Waking Nightmare of Sleep Paralysis Propels People into a Spirit World," Science News 168, no. 2 (July 9, 2005): 27-29.
C. Behan McCullagh, Justifying Historical Descriptions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 33-38.
Sérgio B. Volchan, "Probability as Typicality," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 38, no. 4 (December 2007): 801-814.
Michael Ikeda and Bill Jefferys, "The Anthropic Principle Does Not Support Supernaturalism," bayesrules.net/anthropic.html, an earlier version of which appeared in Michael Martin and Ricki Monnier, eds., The Improbability of God (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2006), pp. 150-66.
Elliott Sober, "The Design Argument," philosophy.wisc.edu/sober/design argument 11 2004.pdf, an earlier version of which is in the 2004 edition of Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip Quinn, eds., A Companion to Philosophy of Religion (Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell), pp. 117-48.
Richard Carrier, "Statistics & Biogenesis," May 1, 2009, at richardcarrier.blogspot.com/2009/05/statistics-biogenesis _01.html.
[See my chapter on the design argument in The End of Christianity, pp. 289-92.]
John Earman, Bayes or Bust? A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992), pp. 139-41.
Richard Carrier, "Our Mathematical Universe," at richard carrier.blogspot.com/2007/10/our-mathematical-universe.html, published October 5, 2007.
Sérgio B. Volchan, "Probability as Typicality," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 38, no. 4 (December 2007).
Erica Klarreich, "Toss Out the Toss-Up: Bias in Heads-or-Tails," Science News 165, no. 9 (February 28, 2004): 131.
Richard Carrier, "Defining the Supernatural," January 18, 2007, at richardcarrier .blogspot.com/2007/01/defining-supernatural.html.
Richard Carrier, "On Defining Naturalism as a Worldview," Free Inquiry 30, no. 3 (April/May 2010): 50-51.
William Faris's book review of Probability Theory: The Logic of Science (by E. T. Jaynes), in Notices of the American Mathematical Society 53, no. 1 (January 2006): 33-42.
Giulio D'Agostini, "Teaching Statistics in the Physics Curriculum: Unifying and Clarifying Role of Subjective Probability," American Journal of Physics 67, no. 12 (December 1999): 1261-62.
Tullia Ritti, Klaus Grewe, and Paul Kessener, "A Relief of a Water-Powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and Its Implications," Journal of Roman Archaeology 20 (2007): 138-63.
Giulio D'Agostini, "Role and Meaning of Subjective Probability: Some Comments on Common Misconceptions," October 26, 2000, arxiv.org/abs/physics/0010064.
C. Behan McCullagh, Justifying Historical Descriptions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 22.
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